Konutai Persulfate (Konutai Peroxydisulfate, Na₂S₂O₈, CAS: 7775‑27‑1)

Ko te konutai persulfate te mea matua e whakamahia ana hei matū whakapūkara kaha, hei whakaoho i te polymerization, hei matū whakamā, hei matū whakarewa hoki. He whānui te whakamahinga i roto i ngā rāngai matū, hikohiko, kakahu, me te taiao. Kua whakarōpūtia hei matū whakapūkara Akomanga 5.1, Rōpū Tākai III (whakapūkara mōrearea iti ki te taurite).

I. Ngā Tono Taipitopito

1. Te Ahumahi Pūmua me te Matū (te rāngai kai nui rawa atu)
   1. Kaiwhakaoho polymerization emulsion: he kaiwhakaoho i ngā rauropi kore-kore wairewa mō te polyethylene, te polyacrylonitrile, ngā whakamomona kiriaku, ngā whakamomona styrene-acrylic, me te polyacrylamide (PAM). Ka tīmata te whakamomona i ngā pāmahana taiao ki te pāmahana waenga, ā, ka whakamahia i roto i ngā paninga, ngā piripiri, me te hanga flocculant mō te maimoatanga wai. Ka mahi hei whakakapi mō ngā kaiwhakaoho azo, kāore he toenga paitini e toe ana.
   2. Ngā matū o te mara hinu: e whakamahia ana hei pakaru i roto i ngā wai pakaru, te kapia guar e whakaiti ana i te waikura me te kapia guar hydroxypropyl hei whakahaere i te rere o te wai pakaru. Ina honoa ki te whakaterenga katote ferrous, ka taea te pakaru tere i ngā pāmahana iti.
2. Te Ahumahi Hikohiko me te PCB (hua parakore teitei o te hikohiko)
   1. Kaiwhakairo moroiti mō ngā papa hiko: ka whakaputa i tētahi mata parahi kua whakakikoruatia kia pai ake ai te piri o te kiriata maroke, te kopare whakarewa, me ngā paparanga kua whakakikoruatia ki te hiko. Ka keri i te parahi me te nikara i roto i ngā tukanga keri ngohengohe, ā, kāore i rite ki ngā pūnaha e hangai ana ki te hauota, kāore he mōrearea waikura i puta mai i te hauota.
   2. Te horoi i te wafer semiconductor: ka tango i ngā poke rauropi me ngā poke konganuku mai i ngā mata o te papa whakarewa i roto i ngā tukanga horoi maroke me te horoi mākū hei matū whakahāora.
   3. Maimoatanga whakapuru-hiko i mua i te whakakikorua: ka tango hinu, ka waikura mārire, ka whakahohe i te kowiri tira me te koranu parahi, ka tango i ngā unahi waikura o te mata.
3. Te Whakaora Taiao (Ngā Tukanga Waikura Matatau, AOP)
   1. Te whakaora i te wai whenua me te oneone: e whakamahia ana i roto i te waikura matū in-situ (ISCO). Ka whakahohehia e te rino ferrous, te alkali, te wera rānei, ka puta he rauropi whanariki e whakangaro ana i ngā warowaihā hinu, ngā warowaihā chlorine, ngā matū BTEX, ngā paturopi, me ngā toenga patu pepeke – e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te whakaora i te wāhi poke.
   2. Te maimoatanga wai parae whakamahia ana mō te whakakōkī matatau o te kōkō, te tae, te matū, me ngā para waipara i te whenua ururua hei tango i te COD, te tae, me ngā poke waro ātete. Ka taea te whakakotahi me te hihi UV, te ultrasound, te whakahohenga katote whakarewa rānei.
   3. Te tukatuka para whakaahua: ka whakakōkī i te thiosulfate i roto i te whakapiri i ngā para kaukau, ka āwhina i te whakaora i ngā katote hiriwa.
4. Ahumahi Kakahu me te Tae
   1. Kaihoko tango i te taumaha: ka wawahi i ngā rahi māngaro me te PVA mō te miro me ngā taonga kiriuhi muka hangai.
   2. Kaiwhakamākū: ka taea te whakama i te huruhuru hipi, te hiraka, me te rinena i roto i te pāmahana iti, me te kore e pakaru te muka. Ka mahi anō hoki hei kaiwhakawai mō te whakawhanake i ngā tae whanariki, hei whakakapi i te konutai hypochlorite hei karo i ngā kino e pā ana ki te chlorine.
5. Ētahi atu Whakamahinga Ahumahi me te Taiwhanga
   1. Ahumahi pākahiko: he kaihoko whakaheke-polarizing i roto i ngā pākahiko waikawa-mata hei whakakore i te korenga o te pereti.
   2. Ngā matū paie whakamahia ana hei ākena whakahāngai i roto i te hanga matū waro, hei tauira i roto i te whakahāngaitanga Elbs hei huri i ngā phenols hei hydroquinones, hei whakahāngai hoki i te Mn²⁺ me te Cr³⁺ ki ngā āhua valence teitei ake (e whakakorikoria ana e ngā katote hiriwa).
   3. Te tiaki whaiaro me te taiwhanga: te matū whakapūkara i roto i ngā whakatakotoranga whakapūkara makawe; ā, hei te kaiwhakaoho i te whakakotahitanga o te kiri APS (ammonium persulfate) i roto i te hikohiko PAGE.
   4. Pūmua me te pepa: e whakamahia ana mō te whakama me te tango i ngā matū mai i te penupenu.

II. Te Tautoko i ngā Whirihoranga Tukanga i roto i ngā Ahumahi o raro

1. Raina Tukanga Whakairoiro PCB

   Raupapa: tango hinu → horoi wai → whakairo moroiti (pūnaha konutai persulfate + waikawa whanariki, 25‑35°C) → horoi ā-aukati rua-wāhanga → whakakorekore → horoi wai tango iona.
   Ngā taputapu tautoko: ngā tāke whakairo PP ātete-waikura, ngā pūnaha inenga aunoa, te aroturuki ORP-pH ipurangi, te tātari tohanga, me ngā waeine maimoatanga waikura-whakakore. Ka whakakīia te konutai persulfate i ia wā, ā, ka pupuri te waikawa whanariki i te waikawa hei pehi i te pirau o te matū.

2. Te Whakahāora Matū In‑Situ (ISCO) mō te Oneone me te Wai Whenua

   E toru ngā pūnaha whakahohe e wātea ana:

   1. Te whakahohenga o te katote ferrous: konutai persulfate + konutai ferrous i raro i ngā āhuatanga waikawa.
   2. Whakahohenga werate whakamahana ki te 40‑65°C mā te werohanga poka hōhonu.
   3. Whakahohenga kawakorete tāpiri o te hauwai konutai hei whakanui i te pH ki runga ake i te 11, ka whakaoho i te whakaputanga o ngā irahiko.
      Ngā taputapu tautoko: ngā tāke whakaranu me te whakarewa, ngā puna weronga pēhanga teitei, ngā puna aroturuki wai whenua, me te aroturuki ORP ipurangi.
3. Tukanga Whakahāora Wai Para Matatau

   Raupapa: whakatikatika pH → tāpiri o te konutai persulfate + whakahohe (Fe²⁺/UV) → tāke tauhohenga waikura → whakapūpū me te whakatōpuku → tukunga para.
   Ngā taputapu tautoko: pūnaha whakahaere ORP ipurangi me te wae hononga UV‑H₂O₂.

4. Te Tukanga Whakapūhui Emulsion

   Te whakahaere i te tauhohenga puranga: te tango i te hauota hei tango i te hāora, te tāpiri i te wairewa konutai persulfate i te pāmahana taiao, me te whāngai ā-wāhanga, ōrite. Ngā taputapu tautoko: te pūnaha whakahaere pāmahana me te hipoki hau kore mahi hei ārai i te pirau wawe i puta mai i ngā poke whakarewa.

III. Te Hangarau Haumaru mō te Rokiroki, te Whakawhiti, me te Inenga

1. Te whare putunga: te toa matū mōrearea motuhake, matao, ā, kei roto te hauhautanga, te pāmahana <30°C, te haumākū whanaunga <70%. Wehea mai i ngā mea mura, ngā mea whakaiti, ngā waikawa me ngā kawakore; me ārai te papa i te waikura, ā, me ātete hoki ki te uruhanga wai.
2. Whakawhiti: he kawe hau pēhanga-kino kua kati, me te hipoki hauota hei ārai i te makuku. Kāore e whakaaetia ngā paipa rino; whakamahia ngā paipa PP, PVC, FRP rānei e ātete ana ki te waikura.
3. Te inenga: katihia ngā tāke whakarewa, karohia ngā konganuku pēnei i te rino, te parahi me te hiriwa; whakamahia ngā taputapu ārai-waikura PP/PE. Whakanohoia he kaukau ohorere, he teihana horoi kanohi, me ngā pūnaha hauhautanga ā-kaha.
4.